Attraction in Kent

Bodiam Castle in the East Sussex Weald is one of the most complete and most romantic medieval castle ruins in England, a late fourteenth-century moated fortress whose four corner towers, battlemented walls and wide surrounding moat create a composition so perfectly preserved and so visually satisfying that it has become one of the defining images of the English castle in the popular imagination. The castle was built between 1385 and 1388 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a veteran of the Hundred Years War who obtained a licence to crenellate from Richard II on the grounds that the castle would defend against French invasion up the River Rother, though historians have debated whether this was the true purpose or a useful justification for building a status symbol of great personal ambition. The castle is widely considered to be designed as much for display and aristocratic prestige as for genuine military effectiveness, its regular plan, large windows and symmetrical towers reflecting the aesthetic preferences of a successful knight who wished to project an image of authority and culture as much as military power. Dalyngrigge had fought in France and would have been familiar with the French castle architecture of the period, and the design of Bodiam shows an awareness of Continental military fashions filtered through the requirements of an English country gentleman who wanted a beautiful house as well as a defensible one. The moat, wide and still and perfectly reflecting the castle walls and towers on calm days, is one of Bodiam's most celebrated features and gives the site its characteristic photograph. The National Trust, which has managed the castle since 1925, maintains the moat and the castle fabric and provides interpretive displays in the interior that explain the castle's history and architecture. The interior is largely roofless and ruined but the wall walks and towers can be climbed, providing good views over the Rother valley and the castle's setting in the Weald. The surrounding countryside of the High Weald, with its ancient oak woodland, hop gardens and weather-boarded farmhouses, provides good walking and a beautiful landscape context for the castle visit.

Chartwell in the Kent Weald is the former country home of Sir Winston Churchill, the house in which Britain's most celebrated wartime leader lived from 1924 until a year before his death in 1965 and which he described as the most dearly loved of all the places where I have lived. The National Trust manages the house, which has been preserved largely as Churchill left it and provides the most direct and most personal experience of the domestic life, working habits and private character of one of the most significant figures in twentieth-century history. The house retains Churchill's study, with his desk as he left it and his paintings on the wall, the dining room where political and artistic guests were entertained and the garden studio where he painted the landscapes that were his principal relaxation and in which he found the peace that political life denied him. The collection of his own paintings, displayed in the studio as he arranged them, provides an unexpected perspective on a man whose enormous public persona overshadowed a genuine artistic sensibility. The garden was designed by Churchill himself and the brick walls he built in the garden, including the kitchen garden wall, were laid by his own hands in a practical engagement with the physical landscape that provided him with satisfaction and relaxation throughout his political career. The views from the garden over the Weald of Kent convey the quality of rural England that he fought to preserve and that he could see from his own windows throughout the years of the Second World War.

Hever Castle in the Kent Weald is a beautifully preserved moated medieval castle that achieved its lasting historical significance as the childhood home of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I. Anne grew up within these walls and received from the castle's setting the education, Continental refinement and personal ambition that helped make her the most intellectually accomplished of Henry's wives and the most consequential for English history. The castle passed through various hands after the Boleyn family's fall, was transformed by the American millionaire William Waldorf Astor from 1903 onward with enormous resources, and is now one of the most visited historic houses in England. The castle dates from the thirteenth century and was developed into its present moated form in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Boleyn family acquired it in 1462, and it was here that the young Anne was raised, receiving her early education before being sent to the courts of the Duchess of Burgundy and then the French king, experiences that gave her the intellectual and social formation that distinguished her from the English court ladies of her generation. Henry VIII visited Hever several times while courting Anne, and the gardens contain statues commemorating both Anne and Henry. The Astor restoration transformed both the castle and its grounds on a lavish scale. Astor added an entire mock-Tudor village adjacent to the castle to house guests, created the spectacular Italian Garden with its collection of ancient Roman and Greek sculpture, and constructed the thirty-five-acre lake that provides the most dramatic element of the grounds. The interior was redecorated and refurnished to a very high standard, and the result is a castle whose medieval fabric is complemented by Edwardian opulence. The combination of the Anne Boleyn story, the moated medieval architecture and the exceptional gardens makes Hever one of the most rewarding and layered historic house visits in Kent.

Leeds Castle in Kent is one of the most beautiful castles in England and one of the most visited, a medieval fortress built on two islands in a lake in the Kent Weald that presents one of the most romantically picturesque castle silhouettes in the country. Despite sharing its name with the Yorkshire city, the castle takes its name from the village of Leeds nearby and has no connection with the north of England. Its exceptional setting, long royal history and the variety of its visitor attractions make it one of the most popular day trip destinations in the southeast. The castle was built on its island site in the ninth century and developed into an important royal residence from the reign of Edward I onward, subsequently passing through several royal owners including the six medieval queens who held it between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries. The list of royal associations is remarkable: Edward I and his queen Eleanor of Castile, Edward II and his wife Isabella, Edward III and his queen Philippa of Hainault, Richard II and his queen Anne of Bohemia, Henry V and his queen Catherine of Valois, and Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon all held or used the castle. This exceptional concentration of medieval royal occupation gave Leeds the title the Ladies' Castle. The castle was transformed from a derelict historic building into its current state by Lady Olive Baillie, who purchased it in 1926 and spent fifty years and an enormous fortune restoring and furnishing it to the highest standard, creating the castle as visitors experience it today. Lady Baillie used Leeds as a house for entertaining on a lavish scale, and the quality of the interiors she created reflects resources and taste of a level rarely applied to castle restoration. The grounds include an aviary, a vineyard, a maze and extensive parkland providing a full day's visitor experience.

Scotney Castle in the Kent Weald is one of the most romantically picturesque country house gardens in England, a mid-nineteenth-century landscape garden designed by Edward Hussey around the ruins of his medieval moated castle that created one of the finest examples of the Picturesque aesthetic in British gardening, using the old castle as a deliberate eyecatcher and focal point in a composition of exceptional beauty. The National Trust manages the estate and the combination of the old castle ruin, the new house above it and the garden they were designed to complement makes Scotney one of the most rewarding and most distinctive garden visits in the southeast. The garden was created between 1837 and 1843 when Edward Hussey demolished much of the old house within the moated castle enclosure in order to provide picturesque ruins as the centrepiece of his new landscape garden. The decision to demolish a perfectly functional building to create ruins illustrates the strength of the Picturesque aesthetic in the early Victorian period, and the resulting composition of tower, moat, reflected water and richly planted garden slopes fulfilled Hussey's vision completely. The garden slopes above the castle are planted with an exceptional collection of rhododendrons, azaleas and other acid-loving shrubs that provide spectacular colour in spring. The new house built above the garden by Hussey is a handsome Victorian mansion by the architect Anthony Salvin that provides the domestic anchor for the designed landscape below. The estate extends through woodlands and farmland in the characteristic Weald landscape of Kent and the walking through the estate provides pleasant countryside of great charm. The castle ruins reflected in the still moat water on a fine day provide one of the most photographed garden compositions in England.

Sissinghurst Castle Garden in the Kent Weald is one of the most celebrated and most influential gardens in the world, created by Vita Sackville-West and her husband Harold Nicolson from 1930 onward within the ruins of an Elizabethan mansion whose towers and walls provided the framework for a sequence of outdoor rooms of exceptional quality and individuality. The National Trust manages the garden, which receives over 200,000 visitors annually and is consistently cited as one of the most important gardens of the twentieth century for its influence on the aesthetics of English garden design. The garden is organised as a series of enclosed spaces, each with a distinct character and colour scheme, connected by axes and paths that create a designed sequence of arrival and discovery. The most celebrated component is the White Garden, a planting of extraordinary sophistication using only white and silver plants to create a nocturnal quality of cool luminosity, but the Rose Garden, the Cottage Garden, the Herb Garden and the Orchard each demonstrate different aspects of Vita Sackville-West's planting philosophy, which combined intimate knowledge of plants with an instinctive sense of colour and texture. Vita Sackville-West wrote about Sissinghurst and its plants with great eloquence in her gardening column in The Observer and in her books, and the combination of the garden's physical quality with the literary intelligence behind it gives Sissinghurst a cultural significance beyond pure horticulture. The tower in which she wrote, still containing her writing room essentially as she left it, provides a direct connection to one of the most original and most poetic garden writers of the twentieth century. The surrounding Wealden landscape, the Elizabethan brick towers visible from across the park, complete an estate experience of the highest quality.