Scenic Place in York and North Yorkshire

Skipton is the Gateway to the Yorkshire Dales, a market town of considerable character and historical importance at the southern edge of the Dales National Park whose combination of a fine medieval castle, a broad market street of considerable architectural quality, the canal basin of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the excellent transport connections into the surrounding Dales makes it one of the most rewarding and most used bases for exploring the national park. The town has served as a market centre for the surrounding Dales farming communities since the medieval period and retains the commercial vitality and the market tradition that give it an authentic town character. Skipton Castle, one of the most complete and best-preserved medieval castles in northern England, stands at the top of the High Street and is privately owned and open to visitors. The castle was originally built by Robert de Romille in the early twelfth century and developed subsequently by the Clifford family, who held it for over three centuries and whose rebuilding in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries created much of the fabric visible today. The castle withstood a three-year siege during the Civil War before surrendering on terms in 1645 and was subsequently repaired by the redoubtable Lady Anne Clifford, whose restoration work can be read in the yew tree she planted in the courtyard in 1659 that still grows in the same spot. The canal basin at the foot of the town provides an attractive focus for the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, the longest single canal in Britain, and the walking and cycling along the towpath into the Dales provides excellent access to the countryside immediately north of the town.

Hutton-le-Hole in the North Yorkshire Moors is one of the most beautiful and most photographed villages in North Yorkshire, a settlement of stone cottages scattered on both sides of the Hutton Beck across the village green whose combination of the stream, the green, the grazing sheep and the moorland visible above creates one of the most complete and most immediately appealing English village scenes available in the national park. The Ryedale Folk Museum in the village provides one of the finest open-air museums of traditional English rural life in the north of England. The Ryedale Folk Museum houses an exceptional collection of traditional buildings from across the North Yorkshire Moors that have been relocated and reconstructed on the museum site, creating an open-air village of cruck houses, thatched cottages, craft workshops and agricultural buildings that represents the rural built environment of the North Yorkshire Moors from the medieval period to the twentieth century. The working demonstrations of traditional crafts provide the most engaging interaction with the heritage on display. The village of Hutton-le-Hole itself, with its scattered cottages, the sheep grazing freely on the green and the stream dividing the village into two sections connected by bridges, provides one of the finest examples of an organic moorland village settlement in Yorkshire. The walking from the village onto the surrounding moorland provides immediate access to the North Yorkshire Moors landscape of heather and wide sky that frames the village.

Middleham in Wensleydale is a small market town in the Yorkshire Dales famous for its horse racing training tradition, the ruined Neville castle and the association with Richard III who spent much of his youth here as a ward of the Earl of Warwick. The combination of the castle history, the working racehorse training community visible on the moors each morning and the attractive market town character creates a destination of unusual variety in the lower Dales landscape. Middleham Castle, managed by English Heritage, was the principal residence of the Neville family and the place where the future Richard III grew up as a ward of the Kingmaker earl. The castle is one of the largest in Yorkshire and the surviving great keep, the gatehouse and various residential buildings provide excellent evidence of accommodation available to one of the most powerful noble families in medieval England. The racehorse training tradition at Middleham, established on the high gallops above the town since the early eighteenth century, makes the town one of the most important racing centres in northern England. The morning exercise of horses on the Middleham High Moor provides one of the most distinctive sights available in the Yorkshire Dales.

Hawes is the principal market town of upper Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales, a small but lively town whose combination of the famous Wensleydale Creamery, the excellent Dales Countryside Museum, the weekly Tuesday market and the superb walking available on the surrounding fells and dale makes it the most complete and most welcoming destination in the upper dale. The town provides the essential services for the walking and cycling visitors who use it as a base for the excellent accessible landscapes of upper Wensleydale and the connecting valleys. The Wensleydale Creamery in the centre of the town produces the crumbly white cheese associated with this dale since the twelfth century when the Cistercian monks of Jervaulx Abbey first made it from ewes' milk. The creamery is open to visitors and provides one of the most popular cheese-related visitor experiences in England, combining the working dairy with a shop, café and visitor interpretation in a format that has become a national model for artisan food tourism. The Hardraw Force, England's highest unbroken waterfall above ground at approximately 30 metres, is accessible through the pub garden of the Green Dragon Inn at Hardraw a short distance from Hawes, a combination of the finest waterfall in the Dales with an obligatory pub visit that appeals greatly to the walking visitor community. The combination of Hardraw and Hawes provides an excellent half-day in the upper dale.

Malham Cove in the Yorkshire Dales is one of the most dramatic natural features in England, a curved limestone cliff 80 metres high and approximately 300 metres wide that was formed as a waterfall at the end of the last Ice Age when meltwater cascading over the limestone edge of the Craven fault created the massive curved face visible today. The stream that once fell over the lip of the cove now disappears underground at the top of the cliff and re-emerges at the base through the cave system within the limestone, and the dry cliff face and the limestone pavement at its summit create a landscape of stark and powerful beauty that is entirely unlike the pastoral character of the surrounding Dales. The limestone pavement at the top of the cove is one of the finest examples in Britain, its surface of large flat slabs called clints, separated by deep fissures called grykes, extending for some distance back from the cliff edge. The grykes provide a sheltered and humid microclimate in which ferns, rare limestoneloving plants and wood-land species grow in conditions quite different from the exposed pavement surface, creating a botanical diversity compressed into a small area. The pavement is a protected landscape feature and walking on it is permitted only on designated routes. The approach to Malham Cove from the village of Malham follows the dry valley of Malham Beck through classic Yorkshire Dales limestone scenery, and the cliff face itself provides a high-quality rock climbing venue whose routes include some of the finest limestone climbs in the north of England. The natural amphitheatre formed by the curved cliff concentrates sound and creates a particular acoustic quality noticeable even in moderate wind conditions. The broader Malham landscape, including Malham Tarn above and Gordale Scar nearby, provides one of the most concentrated collections of outstanding limestone features available within a single short walking circuit in Britain.

Robin Hood's Bay is one of the most picturesque and most visited fishing villages on the Yorkshire coast, a steeply tiered settlement of red-roofed cottages packed into a narrow ravine that descends from the cliff top to the beach below in a composition of extraordinary visual charm that makes it one of the most photographed villages in the north of England. The village has no connection with the legendary outlaw whose name it bears, the origin of the name remaining obscure, but its character as a former fishing and smuggling community on a remote section of the North Yorkshire coast gives it a historical atmosphere that complements its natural beauty. The village descends steeply from the main road parking area to the beach below on a single, very narrow road flanked by the close-packed cottages of the fishing community, their doors, windows and small gardens creating a human-scaled streetscape of considerable intimacy. The narrowness of the space between the buildings, the steepness of the descent and the sound of the sea growing louder as you approach the beach create an experience of progressive revelation characteristic of the finest English seaside villages. At the bottom, the rocky shore opens out and the wide expanse of the bay, enclosed by the headlands of North Cheek and the cliffs toward Whitby to the north, provides a rewarding contrast to the enclosed village. The beach and the rock pools exposed at low tide provide excellent fossil hunting, the alum shales of the Yorkshire coast having produced ichthyosaur and other Jurassic marine reptile remains over many years of collecting by both professional and amateur palaeontologists. Robin Hood's Bay is the eastern terminus of the Coast to Coast walk, Alfred Wainwright's 192-mile crossing of England from St Bees in Cumbria, and arriving walkers traditionally complete their journey by dipping their boots in the sea on the beach below the village.

The Ribblehead Viaduct carrying the Settle to Carlisle railway across the limestone valley at the head of Ribblesdale in the Yorkshire Dales is one of the most iconic and most photographed pieces of Victorian railway engineering in Britain, a structure of twenty-four arches spanning nearly 500 metres across the valley floor at a maximum height of 32 metres whose combination of bold engineering, Yorkshire millstone grit construction and dramatic setting below the peak of Whernside creates one of the defining images of the Dales landscape. Built between 1869 and 1875 by the Midland Railway using a workforce of over two thousand navvies who lived in temporary settlements around the construction site, the viaduct was nearly demolished in the 1980s before a campaign saved both the structure and the entire Settle to Carlisle line. The construction of the Ribblehead Viaduct and the Settle to Carlisle Railway was one of the most ambitious engineering undertakings of the Victorian period, driven by the Midland Railway's determination to reach Scotland by its own route without dependence on the competing companies whose lines provided the existing connections. The exposed and difficult terrain of the Yorkshire Dales and the Cumbrian fells required the construction of numerous tunnels, viaducts and embankments in challenging conditions, and the navvy camps established at Ribblehead during construction grew into temporary towns of several thousand people whose presence is recorded in the registers of the isolated moorland churches. The viaduct can be approached from the Ribblehead Station car park on the B6255 road, and the walk across the valley floor to the base of the piers provides close appreciation of the scale and quality of the masonry. The Three Peaks circular walk using Pen y Ghent, Ingleborough and Whernside as its targets passes close to the viaduct and the wide Ingleborough summit provides an aerial perspective on the structure in its landscape setting.

Thornton-le-Dale near Pickering in the North Yorkshire Moors is consistently voted the most beautiful village in Yorkshire, a settlement of stone cottages along a beck fringed with daffodils in spring and lined with willows in summer. A thatched whitewashed cottage by the beck is one of the most photographed buildings in the north of England, appearing on calendars and in photographic collections of English village scenes with remarkable frequency. The village has the genuine character of a working agricultural settlement rather than a preserved tourist artefact, its residents managing working farms and ordinary village life alongside the considerable visitor interest its reputation generates. The beck flowing through the centre creates the visual element that defines the scene and provides the perpetual gentle sound of flowing water that animates any visit. The stocks on the village green and the medieval market cross provide historical focal points, and the surrounding architecture of limestone and pantile roofs reflects the characteristic building tradition of the North Yorkshire Moors. The North Yorkshire Moors Railway station at Pickering nearby and Dalby Forest to the north provide excellent complementary heritage and outdoor experiences.

Grassington is the principal village and the visitor hub of upper Wharfedale in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, a stone-built market town of considerable charm whose cobbled market square, independent shops, cafes and the excellent access it provides to the Dales landscape in every direction make it one of the most rewarding and most welcoming bases for exploring the central Yorkshire Dales. The combination of the village character, the Dales scenery immediately accessible from the village and the walking available on the surrounding limestone country creates one of the most complete small town visitor experiences in the national park. The Wharfedale landscape around Grassington provides walking of exceptional variety, from the riverside path along the Wharfe through Bolton Abbey to the south to the high limestone country of Grass Wood and the moors above Kilnsey Crag to the north. The Dales Way long-distance walking route passes through Grassington and the combination of the waymarked long-distance route and the extensive network of footpaths across the surrounding limestone plateau makes the village the starting point for an almost unlimited variety of walking excursions. The former lead mining heritage of the Grassington Moor above the village, whose extensive field systems of mine shafts, smelt mill chimneys and spoil heaps provide one of the finest examples of a Dales lead mining landscape, adds an industrial heritage dimension to what is primarily a landscape and village tourism destination.

Gaping Gill on the slopes of Ingleborough in the Yorkshire Dales is the largest natural cavern in Britain, a pothole shaft approximately 110 metres deep into which the Fell Beck stream plunges in a free-falling waterfall that is the highest unbroken waterfall in England. The pothole is descended by experienced cavers using rope techniques and twice yearly, during the Whitsun and August bank holiday weekends, the Bradford Pothole Club and the Craven Pothole Club erect winch gear on the surface that allows members of the public to be lowered to the cavern floor in a bosun's chair, one of the most extraordinary adventure activities available in the Yorkshire Dales. The cavern at the base of the shaft is of enormous size, approximately 150 metres long and 30 metres wide, large enough to contain York Minster in its interior. The falls of Fell Beck entering through the shaft opening above create a spectacular light effect in the chamber during the hours when sunlight enters the shaft, the waterfall catching the light in a display of considerable drama. The stream continues underground from the cavern floor through a complex of passages to emerge eventually at the Ingleborough Cave show cave near Clapham. The winch meet experience, during which members of the public can be lowered to the cavern floor and spend a few minutes in this extraordinary underground space, is one of the most memorable and most unusual outdoor activities available in Britain, combining the height of the descent, the darkness of the cavern and the sight of the waterfall entering from above in an experience quite unlike anything available at the surface.

Plumpton Rocks is a landscape garden of extraordinary and improbable beauty in the West Riding of Yorkshire, a private estate near Harrogate where millstone grit outcrops of enormous size and fantastical form rise from a lake and woodland setting to create a scene of natural drama that the Romantic imagination found entirely congenial and that successive generations of visitors have found deeply surprising in its Yorkshire setting. The garden was laid out around 1755 to display the natural rock formations to their greatest advantage and has been described as one of the finest small landscape gardens in England. The millstone grit boulders that dominate the garden are examples of the weathered gritstone tors found across the southern Pennine uplands, their forms the result of millions of years of erosion working on the natural jointing patterns of the rock. At Plumpton the boulders are of exceptional scale, some rising to over ten metres, and their rounded, organic forms reflected in the lake beside them create compositions that Turner visited and painted in the 1790s, recognising in the scene the combination of sublime natural form and picturesque landscape arrangement that defined the aesthetic values of his time. The lake was created in the mid-eighteenth century to reflect the rocks and provide the still water surface that doubles the visual impact of the formations. The combination of the lake reflections, the mature woodland clothing the spaces between the rock outcrops and the paths threading through the formations at water level creates a garden experience of considerable enchantment that is entirely different from the more formal pleasure grounds of the period. Plumpton Rocks is open to visitors on weekend afternoons from March to October and retains a quality of private, unhurried charm that makes it one of the most rewarding lesser-known garden destinations in Yorkshire.

Reeth is the principal village of upper Swaledale in the Yorkshire Dales, a handsome settlement set around a large triangular green high above the River Swale whose combination of Georgian and earlier stone buildings, the views up and down the dale from the village green and its position at the meeting of Swaledale and Arkengarthdale make it the natural centre of the northern Yorkshire Dales and one of the finest Dales villages. The village provides the services and character of a genuine rural community that also accommodates the walkers, cyclists and visitors drawn to this exceptionally beautiful section of the national park. The Swaledale landscape above and below Reeth is among the finest traditional farming landscapes in Britain, the pattern of stone-walled hay meadows and pastures on the valley sides providing in summer one of the finest botanical spectacles in the Dales, the unimproved meadow flora of yellow rattle, wood cranesbill, melancholy thistle and numerous orchid species colouring the valley in ways that have all but disappeared from the lowland English countryside. The meadows of upper Swaledale are among the best preserved examples of traditional hay meadow management in Britain. The lead mining heritage of Swaledale is visible in the landscape above Reeth, where the heather moorland is pitted with the remains of mine shafts, smelt mills and the distinctive linear scars of the hushes, channels cut in the moorland to use water flow to expose ore-bearing rock. The Swaledale Museum in Reeth provides interpretation of the mining history and the wider cultural history of this remote but distinctive dale. The Coast to Coast walk passes through Reeth and the Pennine Journey route traverses the surrounding moorland, making it an excellent walking base.

Helmsley is the finest market town in the North Yorkshire Moors National Park, a stone town of considerable charm surrounding a market square that provides the principal visitor centre for the southern section of the moors. The combination of the ruined medieval castle, the walled garden, the excellent independent shops and restaurants and the access it provides to the walking of the Cleveland Way and the Tabular Hills makes Helmsley the most complete and most welcoming base for exploring the western North Yorkshire Moors. Helmsley Castle, managing by English Heritage, is a castle of considerable historical depth whose ruined towers and keep provide excellent views over the town and the surrounding countryside, and the unusual combination of the medieval fortification with the substantial domestic range that was added in the sixteenth century by the Manners family reflects the transition of this castle from a purely military function to a comfortable aristocratic residence. The earthwork defences that surround the castle are among the most complete and best-preserved of any English castle. The Helmsley Walled Garden, restored from dereliction since 1994 by a charitable trust, provides one of the finest examples of a Victorian walled garden restoration in Yorkshire, its productive beds, glasshouses and ornamental sections creating an excellent horticultural visit complementary to the castle. The Ryedale Folk Museum at nearby Hutton-le-Hole and the ruins of Rievaulx Abbey seven miles to the northwest provide excellent complementary heritage destinations for a base at Helmsley.

Staithes on the Yorkshire coast is one of the most atmospheric fishing villages in northern England, a settlement of red-roofed cottages packed into a ravine descending to a narrow harbour between the spectacular headlands of Cowbar Nab and Penny Nab. The village was the birthplace of the young James Cook's mercantile career, the future circumnavigator arriving to serve as a shopkeeper's apprentice before the sea drew him first to Whitby and then to the Royal Navy. The village descends steeply from the clifftop through a series of steps and narrow lanes to the harbour below, still used by a small fleet of fishing boats. Staithes has been a centre for artists since the late nineteenth century when a colony of painters formed the Staithes Group, recognising the quality of the light and the dramatic character of the village. The tradition of artists working here continues and several galleries and studios in the village reflect the ongoing creative response to this exceptional setting. The Cleveland Way coastal path traversing the headlands connects Staithes with Runswick Bay to the south, providing some of the finest cliff walking in Yorkshire. The combination of the village character, the fishing heritage, the Cook connection and the coastal scenery makes Staithes one of the most rewarding destinations on the northeast coast.

The North Yorkshire Moors Railway is one of the finest heritage railways in Britain, a line of outstanding scenic character that runs for 18 miles from Pickering through the heart of the North York Moors National Park to Grosmont, where it connects with the main Esk Valley line to Whitby. The combination of exceptional moorland scenery, a well-preserved Victorian railway infrastructure and the atmospheric experience of travelling behind a steam locomotive makes it one of the most popular heritage attractions in the north of England. The railway's origins lie in the Whitby to Pickering Railway opened by George Stephenson in 1836, one of the earliest railways in the world, which originally used horse traction for much of its length before being converted to steam. The line was incorporated into the North Eastern Railway and eventually into British Railways, but declining passenger numbers and freight revenue led to its closure under the Beeching cuts in 1965. The North Yorkshire Moors Railway Preservation Society purchased and reopened the line in 1973, and it has been operated by volunteers and professional staff ever since as one of Britain's great examples of railway preservation. The route is spectacular throughout its length. Departing Pickering, a market town with a Norman castle and a good range of visitor facilities, the line climbs steadily through the Newtondale gorge, a dramatic valley carved by glacial meltwater that provides some of the finest scenery on the line. The station at Goathland, used as Hogsmeade station in the Harry Potter films, is one of the most visited on the line and sits within a particularly beautiful section of moorland. Continuing north the line drops to Grosmont through Newtondale before reaching the Esk Valley. The railway operates primarily with steam locomotives from its impressive collection of mainly 1920s to 1960s British steam engines, though diesel locomotives also feature on the timetable. Special event days including evening Pullman dining trains, wartime recreation weekends and Santa specials throughout December attract additional visitors throughout the year. An extension of the heritage railway service beyond Grosmont to Whitby using the Network Rail Esk Valley line has been operated seasonally, providing the opportunity to travel from Pickering all the way to the coast by heritage and Network Rail services without using a car.